Build a Simple CRUD App with TiDB and Java

This document describes how to use TiDB and Java to build a simple CRUD application.

Step 1. Launch your TiDB cluster

The following introduces how to start a TiDB cluster.

Use a TiDB Serverless cluster

For detailed steps, see Create a TiDB Serverless cluster.

Use a local cluster

For detailed steps, see Deploy a local test cluster or Deploy a TiDB Cluster Using TiUP.

Step 2. Get the code

git clone https://github.com/pingcap-inc/tidb-example-java.git
  • Using Mybatis (Recommended)
  • Using Hibernate (Recommended)
  • Using JDBC

Compared with Mybatis, the JDBC implementation might be not a best practice, because you need to write error handling logic manually and cannot reuse code easily, which makes your code slightly redundant.

Mybatis is a popular open-source Java class persistence framework. The following uses MyBatis Generator as a Maven plugin to generate the persistence layer code.

Change to the plain-java-mybatis directory:

cd plain-java-mybatis

The structure of this directory is as follows:

. ├── Makefile ├── pom.xml └── src └── main ├── java │   └── com │   └── pingcap │   ├── MybatisExample.java │   ├── dao │   │   └── PlayerDAO.java │   └── model │   ├── Player.java │   ├── PlayerMapper.java │   └── PlayerMapperEx.java └── resources ├── dbinit.sql ├── log4j.properties ├── mapper │   ├── PlayerMapper.xml │   └── PlayerMapperEx.xml ├── mybatis-config.xml └── mybatis-generator.xml

The automatically generated files are:

  • src/main/java/com/pingcap/model/Player.java: The Player entity class.
  • src/main/java/com/pingcap/model/PlayerMapper.java: The interface of PlayerMapper.
  • src/main/resources/mapper/PlayerMapper.xml: The XML mapping of Player. Mybatis uses this configuration to automatically generate the implementation class of the PlayerMapper interface.

The strategy for generating these files is written in mybatis-generator.xml, which is the configuration file for Mybatis Generator. There are comments in the following configuration file to describe how to use it.

<!DOCTYPE generatorConfiguration PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD MyBatis Generator Configuration 1.0//EN" "http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-generator-config_1_0.dtd"> <generatorConfiguration> <!-- <context/> entire document: https://mybatis.org/generator/configreference/context.html context.id: A unique identifier you like context.targetRuntime: Used to specify the runtime target for generated code. It has MyBatis3DynamicSql / MyBatis3Kotlin / MyBatis3 / MyBatis3Simple 4 selection to choice. --> <context id="simple" targetRuntime="MyBatis3"> <!-- <commentGenerator/> entire document: https://mybatis.org/generator/configreference/commentGenerator.html commentGenerator: - property(suppressDate): remove timestamp in comments - property(suppressAllComments): remove all comments --> <commentGenerator> <property name="suppressDate" value="true"/> <property name="suppressAllComments" value="true" /> </commentGenerator> <!-- <jdbcConnection/> entire document: https://mybatis.org/generator/configreference/jdbcConnection.html jdbcConnection.driverClass: The fully qualified class name for the JDBC driver used to access the database. Used mysql-connector-java:5.1.49, should specify JDBC is com.mysql.jdbc.Driver jdbcConnection.connectionURL: The JDBC connection URL used to access the database. --> <jdbcConnection driverClass="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" connectionURL="jdbc:mysql://localhost:4000/test?user=root" /> <!-- <javaModelGenerator/> entire document: https://mybatis.org/generator/configreference/javaModelGenerator.html Model code file will be generated at ${targetProject}/${targetPackage} javaModelGenerator: - property(constructorBased): If it's true, generator will create constructor function in model --> <javaModelGenerator targetPackage="com.pingcap.model" targetProject="src/main/java"> <property name="constructorBased" value="true"/> </javaModelGenerator> <!-- <sqlMapGenerator/> entire document: https://mybatis.org/generator/configreference/sqlMapGenerator.html XML SQL mapper file will be generated at ${targetProject}/${targetPackage} --> <sqlMapGenerator targetPackage="." targetProject="src/main/resources/mapper"/> <!-- <javaClientGenerator/> entire document: https://mybatis.org/generator/configreference/javaClientGenerator.html Java code mapper interface file will be generated at ${targetProject}/${targetPackage} javaClientGenerator.type (context.targetRuntime is MyBatis3): This attribute indicated Mybatis how to implement interface. It has ANNOTATEDMAPPER / MIXEDMAPPER / XMLMAPPER 3 selection to choice. --> <javaClientGenerator type="XMLMAPPER" targetPackage="com.pingcap.model" targetProject="src/main/java"/> <!-- <table/> entire document: https://mybatis.org/generator/configreference/table.html table.tableName: The name of the database table. table.domainObjectName: The base name from which generated object names will be generated. If not specified, MBG will generate a name automatically based on the tableName. table.enableCountByExample: Signifies whether a count by example statement should be generated. table.enableUpdateByExample: Signifies whether an update by example statement should be generated. table.enableDeleteByExample: Signifies whether a delete by example statement should be generated. table.enableSelectByExample: Signifies whether a select by example statement should be generated. table.selectByExampleQueryId: This value will be added to the select list of the select by example statement in this form: "'<value>' as QUERYID". --> <table tableName="player" domainObjectName="Player" enableCountByExample="false" enableUpdateByExample="false" enableDeleteByExample="false" enableSelectByExample="false" selectByExampleQueryId="false"/> </context> </generatorConfiguration>

mybatis-generator.xml is included in pom.xml as the configuration of mybatis-generator-maven-plugin.

<plugin> <groupId>org.mybatis.generator</groupId> <artifactId>mybatis-generator-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>1.4.1</version> <configuration> <configurationFile>src/main/resources/mybatis-generator.xml</configurationFile> <verbose>true</verbose> <overwrite>true</overwrite> </configuration> <dependencies> <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/mysql/mysql-connector-java --> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> <version>5.1.49</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </plugin>

Once included in the Maven plugin, you can delete the old generated files and make new ones using mvn mybatis-generate. Or you can use make gen to delete the old file and generate a new one at the same time.

Player.java is a data entity class file generated using Mybatis Generator, which is a mapping of database tables in the application. Each property of the Player class corresponds to a field in the player table.

package com.pingcap.model; public class Player { private String id; private Integer coins; private Integer goods; public Player(String id, Integer coins, Integer goods) { this.id = id; this.coins = coins; this.goods = goods; } public Player() { super(); } public String getId() { return id; } public void setId(String id) { this.id = id; } public Integer getCoins() { return coins; } public void setCoins(Integer coins) { this.coins = coins; } public Integer getGoods() { return goods; } public void setGoods(Integer goods) { this.goods = goods; } }

PlayerMapper.java is a mapping interface file generated using Mybatis Generator. This file only defines the interface, and the implementation classes of interface are automatically generated using XML or annotations.

package com.pingcap.model; import com.pingcap.model.Player; public interface PlayerMapper { int deleteByPrimaryKey(String id); int insert(Player row); int insertSelective(Player row); Player selectByPrimaryKey(String id); int updateByPrimaryKeySelective(Player row); int updateByPrimaryKey(Player row); }

PlayerMapper.xml is a mapping XML file generated using Mybatis Generator. Mybatis uses this to automatically generate the implementation class of the PlayerMapper interface.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE mapper PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Mapper 3.0//EN" "http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-3-mapper.dtd"> <mapper namespace="com.pingcap.model.PlayerMapper"> <resultMap id="BaseResultMap" type="com.pingcap.model.Player"> <constructor> <idArg column="id" javaType="java.lang.String" jdbcType="VARCHAR" /> <arg column="coins" javaType="java.lang.Integer" jdbcType="INTEGER" /> <arg column="goods" javaType="java.lang.Integer" jdbcType="INTEGER" /> </constructor> </resultMap> <sql id="Base_Column_List"> id, coins, goods </sql> <select id="selectByPrimaryKey" parameterType="java.lang.String" resultMap="BaseResultMap"> select <include refid="Base_Column_List" /> from player where id = #{id,jdbcType=VARCHAR} </select> <delete id="deleteByPrimaryKey" parameterType="java.lang.String"> delete from player where id = #{id,jdbcType=VARCHAR} </delete> <insert id="insert" parameterType="com.pingcap.model.Player"> insert into player (id, coins, goods ) values (#{id,jdbcType=VARCHAR}, #{coins,jdbcType=INTEGER}, #{goods,jdbcType=INTEGER} ) </insert> <insert id="insertSelective" parameterType="com.pingcap.model.Player"> insert into player <trim prefix="(" suffix=")" suffixOverrides=","> <if test="id != null"> id, </if> <if test="coins != null"> coins, </if> <if test="goods != null"> goods, </if> </trim> <trim prefix="values (" suffix=")" suffixOverrides=","> <if test="id != null"> #{id,jdbcType=VARCHAR}, </if> <if test="coins != null"> #{coins,jdbcType=INTEGER}, </if> <if test="goods != null"> #{goods,jdbcType=INTEGER}, </if> </trim> </insert> <update id="updateByPrimaryKeySelective" parameterType="com.pingcap.model.Player"> update player <set> <if test="coins != null"> coins = #{coins,jdbcType=INTEGER}, </if> <if test="goods != null"> goods = #{goods,jdbcType=INTEGER}, </if> </set> where id = #{id,jdbcType=VARCHAR} </update> <update id="updateByPrimaryKey" parameterType="com.pingcap.model.Player"> update player set coins = #{coins,jdbcType=INTEGER}, goods = #{goods,jdbcType=INTEGER} where id = #{id,jdbcType=VARCHAR} </update> </mapper>

Since Mybatis Generator needs to generate the source code from the table definition, the table needs to be created first. To create the table, you can use dbinit.sql.

USE test; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS player; CREATE TABLE player ( `id` VARCHAR(36), `coins` INTEGER, `goods` INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) );

Split the interface PlayerMapperEx additionally to extend from PlayerMapper and write a matching PlayerMapperEx.xml file. Avoid changing PlayerMapper.java and PlayerMapper.xml directly. This is to avoid overwrite by Mybatis Generator.

Define the added interface in PlayerMapperEx.java:

package com.pingcap.model; import java.util.List; public interface PlayerMapperEx extends PlayerMapper { Player selectByPrimaryKeyWithLock(String id); List<Player> selectByLimit(Integer limit); Integer count(); }

Define the mapping rules in PlayerMapperEx.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE mapper PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Mapper 3.0//EN" "http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-3-mapper.dtd"> <mapper namespace="com.pingcap.model.PlayerMapperEx"> <resultMap id="BaseResultMap" type="com.pingcap.model.Player"> <constructor> <idArg column="id" javaType="java.lang.String" jdbcType="VARCHAR" /> <arg column="coins" javaType="java.lang.Integer" jdbcType="INTEGER" /> <arg column="goods" javaType="java.lang.Integer" jdbcType="INTEGER" /> </constructor> </resultMap> <sql id="Base_Column_List"> id, coins, goods </sql> <select id="selectByPrimaryKeyWithLock" parameterType="java.lang.String" resultMap="BaseResultMap"> select <include refid="Base_Column_List" /> from player where `id` = #{id,jdbcType=VARCHAR} for update </select> <select id="selectByLimit" parameterType="java.lang.Integer" resultMap="BaseResultMap"> select <include refid="Base_Column_List" /> from player limit #{id,jdbcType=INTEGER} </select> <select id="count" resultType="java.lang.Integer"> select count(*) from player </select> </mapper>

PlayerDAO.java is a class used to manage data, in which DAO means Data Access Object. The class defines a set of data manipulation methods for writing data. In it, Mybatis encapsulates a large number of operations such as object mapping and CRUD of basic objects, which greatly simplifies the code.

package com.pingcap.dao; import com.pingcap.model.Player; import com.pingcap.model.PlayerMapperEx; import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession; import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory; import java.util.List; import java.util.function.Function; public class PlayerDAO { public static class NotEnoughException extends RuntimeException { public NotEnoughException(String message) { super(message); } } // Run SQL code in a way that automatically handles the // transaction retry logic, so we don't have to duplicate it in // various places. public Object runTransaction(SqlSessionFactory sessionFactory, Function<PlayerMapperEx, Object> fn) { Object resultObject = null; SqlSession session = null; try { // open a session with autoCommit is false session = sessionFactory.openSession(false); // get player mapper PlayerMapperEx playerMapperEx = session.getMapper(PlayerMapperEx.class); resultObject = fn.apply(playerMapperEx); session.commit(); System.out.println("APP: COMMIT;"); } catch (Exception e) { if (e instanceof NotEnoughException) { System.out.printf("APP: ROLLBACK BY LOGIC; \n%s\n", e.getMessage()); } else { System.out.printf("APP: ROLLBACK BY ERROR; \n%s\n", e.getMessage()); } if (session != null) { session.rollback(); } } finally { if (session != null) { session.close(); } } return resultObject; } public Function<PlayerMapperEx, Object> createPlayers(List<Player> players) { return playerMapperEx -> { Integer addedPlayerAmount = 0; for (Player player: players) { playerMapperEx.insert(player); addedPlayerAmount ++; } System.out.printf("APP: createPlayers() --> %d\n", addedPlayerAmount); return addedPlayerAmount; }; } public Function<PlayerMapperEx, Object> buyGoods(String sellId, String buyId, Integer amount, Integer price) { return playerMapperEx -> { Player sellPlayer = playerMapperEx.selectByPrimaryKeyWithLock(sellId); Player buyPlayer = playerMapperEx.selectByPrimaryKeyWithLock(buyId); if (buyPlayer == null || sellPlayer == null) { throw new NotEnoughException("sell or buy player not exist"); } if (buyPlayer.getCoins() < price || sellPlayer.getGoods() < amount) { throw new NotEnoughException("coins or goods not enough, rollback"); } int affectRows = 0; buyPlayer.setGoods(buyPlayer.getGoods() + amount); buyPlayer.setCoins(buyPlayer.getCoins() - price); affectRows += playerMapperEx.updateByPrimaryKey(buyPlayer); sellPlayer.setGoods(sellPlayer.getGoods() - amount); sellPlayer.setCoins(sellPlayer.getCoins() + price); affectRows += playerMapperEx.updateByPrimaryKey(sellPlayer); System.out.printf("APP: buyGoods --> sell: %s, buy: %s, amount: %d, price: %d\n", sellId, buyId, amount, price); return affectRows; }; } public Function<PlayerMapperEx, Object> getPlayerByID(String id) { return playerMapperEx -> playerMapperEx.selectByPrimaryKey(id); } public Function<PlayerMapperEx, Object> printPlayers(Integer limit) { return playerMapperEx -> { List<Player> players = playerMapperEx.selectByLimit(limit); for (Player player: players) { System.out.println("\n[printPlayers]:\n" + player); } return 0; }; } public Function<PlayerMapperEx, Object> countPlayers() { return PlayerMapperEx::count; } }

MybatisExample is the main class of the plain-java-mybatis sample application. It defines the entry functions:

package com.pingcap; import com.pingcap.dao.PlayerDAO; import com.pingcap.model.Player; import org.apache.ibatis.io.Resources; import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory; import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; public class MybatisExample { public static void main( String[] args ) throws IOException { // 1. Create a SqlSessionFactory based on our mybatis-config.xml configuration // file, which defines how to connect to the database. InputStream inputStream = Resources.getResourceAsStream("mybatis-config.xml"); SqlSessionFactory sessionFactory = new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder().build(inputStream); // 2. And then, create DAO to manager your data PlayerDAO playerDAO = new PlayerDAO(); // 3. Run some simple examples. // Create a player who has 1 coin and 1 goods. playerDAO.runTransaction(sessionFactory, playerDAO.createPlayers( Collections.singletonList(new Player("test", 1, 1)))); // Get a player. Player testPlayer = (Player)playerDAO.runTransaction(sessionFactory, playerDAO.getPlayerByID("test")); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.getPlayer:\n => id: %s\n => coins: %s\n => goods: %s\n", testPlayer.getId(), testPlayer.getCoins(), testPlayer.getGoods()); // Count players amount. Integer count = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(sessionFactory, playerDAO.countPlayers()); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.countPlayers:\n => %d total players\n", count); // Print 3 players. playerDAO.runTransaction(sessionFactory, playerDAO.printPlayers(3)); // 4. Getting further. // Player 1: id is "1", has only 100 coins. // Player 2: id is "2", has 114514 coins, and 20 goods. Player player1 = new Player("1", 100, 0); Player player2 = new Player("2", 114514, 20); // Create two players "by hand", using the INSERT statement on the backend. int addedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(sessionFactory, playerDAO.createPlayers(Arrays.asList(player1, player2))); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.createPlayers:\n => %d total inserted players\n", addedCount); // Player 1 wants to buy 10 goods from player 2. // It will cost 500 coins, but player 1 cannot afford it. System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => this trade will fail"); Integer updatedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(sessionFactory, playerDAO.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 10, 500)); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => %d total update players\n", updatedCount); // So player 1 has to reduce the incoming quantity to two. System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => this trade will success"); updatedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(sessionFactory, playerDAO.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 2, 100)); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => %d total update players\n", updatedCount); } }

Compared with Hibernate, the JDBC implementation might be not a best practice, because you need to write error handling logic manually and cannot reuse code easily, which makes your code slightly redundant.

Hibernate is a popular open-source Java ORM, and it supports TiDB dialect starting from v6.0.0.Beta2, which fits TiDB features well. The following instructions take v6.0.0.Beta2 as an example.

Change to the plain-java-hibernate directory:

cd plain-java-hibernate

The structure of this directory is as follows:

. ├── Makefile ├── plain-java-hibernate.iml ├── pom.xml └── src └── main ├── java │ └── com │ └── pingcap │ └── HibernateExample.java └── resources └── hibernate.cfg.xml

hibernate.cfg.xml is the Hibernate configuration file:

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-configuration> <session-factory> <!-- Database connection settings --> <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property> <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.TiDBDialect</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:4000/test</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.username">root</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.password"></property> <property name="hibernate.connection.autocommit">false</property> <!-- Required so a table can be created from the 'PlayerDAO' class --> <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">create-drop</property> <!-- Optional: Show SQL output for debugging --> <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property> <property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property> </session-factory> </hibernate-configuration>

HibernateExample.java is the main body of the plain-java-hibernate. Compared with JDBC, when using Hibernate, you only need to write the path of the configuration file, because Hibernate avoids differences in database creation between different databases.

PlayerDAO is a class used to manage data, in which DAO means Data Access Object. The class defines a set of data manipulation methods for writing data. Compared with JDBC, Hibernate encapsulates a large number of operations such as object mapping and CRUD of basic objects, which greatly simplifies the code.

PlayerBean is a data entity class that is a mapping for tables. Each property of a PlayerBean corresponds to a field in the player table. Compared with JDBC, PlayerBean in Hibernate adds annotations to indicate mapping relationships for more information.

package com.pingcap; import jakarta.persistence.Column; import jakarta.persistence.Entity; import jakarta.persistence.Id; import jakarta.persistence.Table; import org.hibernate.JDBCException; import org.hibernate.Session; import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; import org.hibernate.Transaction; import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; import org.hibernate.query.NativeQuery; import org.hibernate.query.Query; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import java.util.function.Function; @Entity @Table(name = "player_hibernate") class PlayerBean { @Id private String id; @Column(name = "coins") private Integer coins; @Column(name = "goods") private Integer goods; public PlayerBean() { } public PlayerBean(String id, Integer coins, Integer goods) { this.id = id; this.coins = coins; this.goods = goods; } public String getId() { return id; } public void setId(String id) { this.id = id; } public Integer getCoins() { return coins; } public void setCoins(Integer coins) { this.coins = coins; } public Integer getGoods() { return goods; } public void setGoods(Integer goods) { this.goods = goods; } @Override public String toString() { return String.format(" %-8s => %10s\n %-8s => %10s\n %-8s => %10s\n", "id", this.id, "coins", this.coins, "goods", this.goods); } } /** * Main class for the basic Hibernate example. **/ public class HibernateExample { public static class PlayerDAO { public static class NotEnoughException extends RuntimeException { public NotEnoughException(String message) { super(message); } } // Run SQL code in a way that automatically handles the // transaction retry logic so we don't have to duplicate it in // various places. public Object runTransaction(Session session, Function<Session, Object> fn) { Object resultObject = null; Transaction txn = session.beginTransaction(); try { resultObject = fn.apply(session); txn.commit(); System.out.println("APP: COMMIT;"); } catch (JDBCException e) { System.out.println("APP: ROLLBACK BY JDBC ERROR;"); txn.rollback(); } catch (NotEnoughException e) { System.out.printf("APP: ROLLBACK BY LOGIC; %s", e.getMessage()); txn.rollback(); } return resultObject; } public Function<Session, Object> createPlayers(List<PlayerBean> players) throws JDBCException { return session -> { Integer addedPlayerAmount = 0; for (PlayerBean player: players) { session.persist(player); addedPlayerAmount ++; } System.out.printf("APP: createPlayers() --> %d\n", addedPlayerAmount); return addedPlayerAmount; }; } public Function<Session, Object> buyGoods(String sellId, String buyId, Integer amount, Integer price) throws JDBCException { return session -> { PlayerBean sellPlayer = session.get(PlayerBean.class, sellId); PlayerBean buyPlayer = session.get(PlayerBean.class, buyId); if (buyPlayer == null || sellPlayer == null) { throw new NotEnoughException("sell or buy player not exist"); } if (buyPlayer.getCoins() < price || sellPlayer.getGoods() < amount) { throw new NotEnoughException("coins or goods not enough, rollback"); } buyPlayer.setGoods(buyPlayer.getGoods() + amount); buyPlayer.setCoins(buyPlayer.getCoins() - price); session.persist(buyPlayer); sellPlayer.setGoods(sellPlayer.getGoods() - amount); sellPlayer.setCoins(sellPlayer.getCoins() + price); session.persist(sellPlayer); System.out.printf("APP: buyGoods --> sell: %s, buy: %s, amount: %d, price: %d\n", sellId, buyId, amount, price); return 0; }; } public Function<Session, Object> getPlayerByID(String id) throws JDBCException { return session -> session.get(PlayerBean.class, id); } public Function<Session, Object> printPlayers(Integer limit) throws JDBCException { return session -> { NativeQuery<PlayerBean> limitQuery = session.createNativeQuery("SELECT * FROM player_hibernate LIMIT :limit", PlayerBean.class); limitQuery.setParameter("limit", limit); List<PlayerBean> players = limitQuery.getResultList(); for (PlayerBean player: players) { System.out.println("\n[printPlayers]:\n" + player); } return 0; }; } public Function<Session, Object> countPlayers() throws JDBCException { return session -> { Query<Long> countQuery = session.createQuery("SELECT count(player_hibernate) FROM PlayerBean player_hibernate", Long.class); return countQuery.getSingleResult(); }; } } public static void main(String[] args) { // 1. Create a SessionFactory based on our hibernate.cfg.xml configuration // file, which defines how to connect to the database. SessionFactory sessionFactory = new Configuration() .configure("hibernate.cfg.xml") .addAnnotatedClass(PlayerBean.class) .buildSessionFactory(); try (Session session = sessionFactory.openSession()) { // 2. And then, create DAO to manager your data. PlayerDAO playerDAO = new PlayerDAO(); // 3. Run some simple example. // Create a player who has 1 coin and 1 goods. playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.createPlayers(Collections.singletonList( new PlayerBean("test", 1, 1)))); // Get a player. PlayerBean testPlayer = (PlayerBean)playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.getPlayerByID("test")); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.getPlayer:\n => id: %s\n => coins: %s\n => goods: %s\n", testPlayer.getId(), testPlayer.getCoins(), testPlayer.getGoods()); // Count players amount. Long count = (Long)playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.countPlayers()); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.countPlayers:\n => %d total players\n", count); // Print 3 players. playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.printPlayers(3)); // 4. Getting further. // Player 1: id is "1", has only 100 coins. // Player 2: id is "2", has 114514 coins, and 20 goods. PlayerBean player1 = new PlayerBean("1", 100, 0); PlayerBean player2 = new PlayerBean("2", 114514, 20); // Create two players "by hand", using the INSERT statement on the backend. int addedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.createPlayers(Arrays.asList(player1, player2))); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.createPlayers:\n => %d total inserted players\n", addedCount); // Player 1 wants to buy 10 goods from player 2. // It will cost 500 coins, but player 1 can't afford it. System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => this trade will fail"); Integer updatedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 10, 500)); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => %d total update players\n", updatedCount); // So player 1 have to reduce his incoming quantity to two. System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => this trade will success"); updatedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 2, 100)); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => %d total update players\n", updatedCount); } finally { sessionFactory.close(); } } }

Change to the plain-java-jdbc directory:

cd plain-java-jdbc

The structure of this directory is as follows:

. ├── Makefile ├── plain-java-jdbc.iml ├── pom.xml └── src └── main ├── java │ └── com │ └── pingcap │ └── JDBCExample.java └── resources └── dbinit.sql

You can find initialization statements for the table creation in dbinit.sql:

USE test; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS player; CREATE TABLE player ( `id` VARCHAR(36), `coins` INTEGER, `goods` INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) );

JDBCExample.java is the main body of the plain-java-jdbc. TiDB is highly compatible with the MySQL protocol, so you need to initialize a MySQL source instance MysqlDataSource to connect to TiDB. Then, you can initialize PlayerDAO for object management and use it to read, edit, add, and delete data.

PlayerDAO is a class used to manage data, in which DAO means Data Access Object. The class defines a set of data manipulation methods to provide the ability to write data.

PlayerBean is a data entity class that is a mapping for tables. Each property of a PlayerBean corresponds to a field in the player table.

package com.pingcap; import com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlDataSource; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.SQLException; import java.util.*; /** * Main class for the basic JDBC example. **/ public class JDBCExample { public static class PlayerBean { private String id; private Integer coins; private Integer goods; public PlayerBean() { } public PlayerBean(String id, Integer coins, Integer goods) { this.id = id; this.coins = coins; this.goods = goods; } public String getId() { return id; } public void setId(String id) { this.id = id; } public Integer getCoins() { return coins; } public void setCoins(Integer coins) { this.coins = coins; } public Integer getGoods() { return goods; } public void setGoods(Integer goods) { this.goods = goods; } @Override public String toString() { return String.format(" %-8s => %10s\n %-8s => %10s\n %-8s => %10s\n", "id", this.id, "coins", this.coins, "goods", this.goods); } } /** * Data access object used by 'ExampleDataSource'. * Example for CURD and bulk insert. */ public static class PlayerDAO { private final MysqlDataSource ds; private final Random rand = new Random(); PlayerDAO(MysqlDataSource ds) { this.ds = ds; } /** * Create players by passing in a List of PlayerBean. * * @param players Will create players list * @return The number of create accounts */ public int createPlayers(List<PlayerBean> players){ int rows = 0; Connection connection = null; PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null; try { connection = ds.getConnection(); preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO player (id, coins, goods) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"); } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("[createPlayers] ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); e.printStackTrace(); return -1; } try { for (PlayerBean player : players) { preparedStatement.setString(1, player.getId()); preparedStatement.setInt(2, player.getCoins()); preparedStatement.setInt(3, player.getGoods()); preparedStatement.execute(); rows += preparedStatement.getUpdateCount(); } } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("[createPlayers] ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); e.printStackTrace(); } finally { try { connection.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.printf("\n[createPlayers]:\n '%s'\n", preparedStatement); return rows; } /** * Buy goods and transfer funds between one player and another in one transaction. * @param sellId Sell player id. * @param buyId Buy player id. * @param amount Goods amount, if sell player has not enough goods, the trade will break. * @param price Price should pay, if buy player has not enough coins, the trade will break. * * @return The number of effected players. */ public int buyGoods(String sellId, String buyId, Integer amount, Integer price) { int effectPlayers = 0; Connection connection = null; try { connection = ds.getConnection(); } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("[buyGoods] ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); e.printStackTrace(); return effectPlayers; } try { connection.setAutoCommit(false); PreparedStatement playerQuery = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM player WHERE id=? OR id=? FOR UPDATE"); playerQuery.setString(1, sellId); playerQuery.setString(2, buyId); playerQuery.execute(); PlayerBean sellPlayer = null; PlayerBean buyPlayer = null; ResultSet playerQueryResultSet = playerQuery.getResultSet(); while (playerQueryResultSet.next()) { PlayerBean player = new PlayerBean( playerQueryResultSet.getString("id"), playerQueryResultSet.getInt("coins"), playerQueryResultSet.getInt("goods") ); System.out.println("\n[buyGoods]:\n 'check goods and coins enough'"); System.out.println(player); if (sellId.equals(player.getId())) { sellPlayer = player; } else { buyPlayer = player; } } if (sellPlayer == null || buyPlayer == null) { throw new SQLException("player not exist."); } if (sellPlayer.getGoods().compareTo(amount) < 0) { throw new SQLException(String.format("sell player %s goods not enough.", sellId)); } if (buyPlayer.getCoins().compareTo(price) < 0) { throw new SQLException(String.format("buy player %s coins not enough.", buyId)); } PreparedStatement transfer = connection.prepareStatement("UPDATE player set goods = goods + ?, coins = coins + ? WHERE id=?"); transfer.setInt(1, -amount); transfer.setInt(2, price); transfer.setString(3, sellId); transfer.execute(); effectPlayers += transfer.getUpdateCount(); transfer.setInt(1, amount); transfer.setInt(2, -price); transfer.setString(3, buyId); transfer.execute(); effectPlayers += transfer.getUpdateCount(); connection.commit(); System.out.println("\n[buyGoods]:\n 'trade success'"); } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("[buyGoods] ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); try { System.out.println("[buyGoods] Rollback"); connection.rollback(); } catch (SQLException ex) { // do nothing } } finally { try { connection.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { // do nothing } } return effectPlayers; } /** * Get the player info by id. * * @param id Player id. * @return The player of this id. */ public PlayerBean getPlayer(String id) { PlayerBean player = null; try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) { PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM player WHERE id = ?"); preparedStatement.setString(1, id); preparedStatement.execute(); ResultSet res = preparedStatement.executeQuery(); if(!res.next()) { System.out.printf("No players in the table with id %s", id); } else { player = new PlayerBean(res.getString("id"), res.getInt("coins"), res.getInt("goods")); } } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.getPlayer ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); } return player; } /** * Insert randomized account data (id, coins, goods) using the JDBC fast path for * bulk inserts. The fastest way to get data into TiDB is using the * TiDB Lightning(https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/stable/tidb-lightning-overview). * However, if you must bulk insert from the application using INSERT SQL, the best * option is the method shown here. It will require the following: * * Add `rewriteBatchedStatements=true` to your JDBC connection settings. * Setting rewriteBatchedStatements to true now causes CallableStatements * with batched arguments to be re-written in the form "CALL (...); CALL (...); ..." * to send the batch in as few client/server round trips as possible. * https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/connector-j/5.1/en/news-5-1-3.html * * You can see the `rewriteBatchedStatements` param effect logic at * implement function: `com.mysql.cj.jdbc.StatementImpl.executeBatchUsingMultiQueries` * * @param total Add players amount. * @param batchSize Bulk insert size for per batch. * * @return The number of new accounts inserted. */ public int bulkInsertRandomPlayers(Integer total, Integer batchSize) { int totalNewPlayers = 0; try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) { // We're managing the commit lifecycle ourselves, so we can // control the size of our batch inserts. connection.setAutoCommit(false); // In this example we are adding 500 rows to the database, // but it could be any number. What's important is that // the batch size is 128. try (PreparedStatement pstmt = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO player (id, coins, goods) VALUES (?, ?, ?)")) { for (int i=0; i<=(total/batchSize);i++) { for (int j=0; j<batchSize; j++) { String id = UUID.randomUUID().toString(); pstmt.setString(1, id); pstmt.setInt(2, rand.nextInt(10000)); pstmt.setInt(3, rand.nextInt(10000)); pstmt.addBatch(); } int[] count = pstmt.executeBatch(); totalNewPlayers += count.length; System.out.printf("\nPlayerDAO.bulkInsertRandomPlayers:\n '%s'\n", pstmt); System.out.printf(" => %s row(s) updated in this batch\n", count.length); } connection.commit(); } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.bulkInsertRandomPlayers ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); } } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.bulkInsertRandomPlayers ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); } return totalNewPlayers; } /** * Print a subset of players from the data store by limit. * * @param limit Print max size. */ public void printPlayers(Integer limit) { try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) { PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM player LIMIT ?"); preparedStatement.setInt(1, limit); preparedStatement.execute(); ResultSet res = preparedStatement.executeQuery(); while (!res.next()) { PlayerBean player = new PlayerBean(res.getString("id"), res.getInt("coins"), res.getInt("goods")); System.out.println("\n[printPlayers]:\n" + player); } } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.printPlayers ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); } } /** * Count players from the data store. * * @return All players count */ public int countPlayers() { int count = 0; try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) { PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT count(*) FROM player"); preparedStatement.execute(); ResultSet res = preparedStatement.executeQuery(); if(res.next()) { count = res.getInt(1); } } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.countPlayers ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n", e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage()); } return count; } } public static void main(String[] args) { // 1. Configure the example database connection. // 1.1 Create a mysql data source instance. MysqlDataSource mysqlDataSource = new MysqlDataSource(); // 1.2 Set server name, port, database name, username and password. mysqlDataSource.setServerName("localhost"); mysqlDataSource.setPortNumber(4000); mysqlDataSource.setDatabaseName("test"); mysqlDataSource.setUser("root"); mysqlDataSource.setPassword(""); // Or you can use jdbc string instead. // mysqlDataSource.setURL("jdbc:mysql://{host}:{port}/test?user={user}&password={password}"); // 2. And then, create DAO to manager your data. PlayerDAO dao = new PlayerDAO(mysqlDataSource); // 3. Run some simple example. // Create a player, has a coin and a goods. dao.createPlayers(Collections.singletonList(new PlayerBean("test", 1, 1))); // Get a player. PlayerBean testPlayer = dao.getPlayer("test"); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.getPlayer:\n => id: %s\n => coins: %s\n => goods: %s\n", testPlayer.getId(), testPlayer.getCoins(), testPlayer.getGoods()); // Create players with bulk inserts, insert 1919 players totally, and per batch for 114 players. int addedCount = dao.bulkInsertRandomPlayers(1919, 114); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.bulkInsertRandomPlayers:\n => %d total inserted players\n", addedCount); // Count players amount. int count = dao.countPlayers(); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.countPlayers:\n => %d total players\n", count); // Print 3 players. dao.printPlayers(3); // 4. Getting further. // Player 1: id is "1", has only 100 coins. // Player 2: id is "2", has 114514 coins, and 20 goods. PlayerBean player1 = new PlayerBean("1", 100, 0); PlayerBean player2 = new PlayerBean("2", 114514, 20); // Create two players "by hand", using the INSERT statement on the backend. addedCount = dao.createPlayers(Arrays.asList(player1, player2)); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.createPlayers:\n => %d total inserted players\n", addedCount); // Player 1 wants to buy 10 goods from player 2. // It will cost 500 coins, but player 1 can't afford it. System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => this trade will fail"); int updatedCount = dao.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 10, 500); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => %d total update players\n", updatedCount); // So player 1 have to reduce his incoming quantity to two. System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => this trade will success"); updatedCount = dao.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 2, 100); System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n => %d total update players\n", updatedCount); } }

Step 3. Run the code

The following content introduces how to run the code step by step.

Step 3.1 Table initialization

  • Using Mybatis (Recommended)
  • Using Hibernate (Recommended)
  • Using JDBC

When using Mybatis, you need to initialize the database tables manually. If you are using a local cluster, and MySQL client has been installed locally, you can run it directly in the plain-java-mybatis directory:

make prepare

Or you can execute the following command:

mysql --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4000 -u root < src/main/resources/dbinit.sql

If you are using a non-local cluster or MySQL client has not been installed, connect to your cluster and run the statement in the src/main/resources/dbinit.sql file.

No need to initialize tables manually.

When using JDBC, you need to initialize the database tables manually. If you are using a local cluster, and MySQL client has been installed locally, you can run it directly in the plain-java-jdbc directory:

make mysql

Or you can execute the following command:

mysql --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4000 -u root<src/main/resources/dbinit.sql

If you are using a non-local cluster or MySQL client has not been installed, connect to your cluster and run the statement in the src/main/resources/dbinit.sql file.

Step 3.2 Modify parameters for TiDB Cloud

  • Using Mybatis (Recommended)
  • Using Hibernate (Recommended)
  • Using JDBC

If you are using a TiDB Serverless cluster, modify the dataSource.url, dataSource.username, dataSource.password in mybatis-config.xml.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE configuration PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Config 3.0//EN" "http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-3-config.dtd"> <configuration> <settings> <setting name="cacheEnabled" value="true"/> <setting name="lazyLoadingEnabled" value="false"/> <setting name="aggressiveLazyLoading" value="true"/> <setting name="logImpl" value="LOG4J"/> </settings> <typeAliases> <package name="com.pingcap.dao"/> </typeAliases> <environments default="development"> <environment id="development"> <!-- JDBC transaction manager --> <transactionManager type="JDBC"/> <!-- Database pool --> <dataSource type="POOLED"> <property name="driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/> <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:4000/test"/> <property name="username" value="root"/> <property name="password" value=""/> </dataSource> </environment> </environments> <mappers> <mapper resource="mapper/PlayerMapper.xml"/> <mapper resource="mapper/PlayerMapperEx.xml"/> </mappers> </configuration>

Suppose that the password you set is 123456, and the connection parameters you get from the cluster details page are the following:

  • Endpoint: xxx.tidbcloud.com
  • Port: 4000
  • User: 2aEp24QWEDLqRFs.root

In this case, you can modify the parameters in dataSource node as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE configuration PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Config 3.0//EN" "http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-3-config.dtd"> ... <!-- Database pool --> <dataSource type="POOLED"> <property name="driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/> <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://xxx.tidbcloud.com:4000/test?sslMode=VERIFY_IDENTITY&amp;enabledTLSProtocols=TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3"/> <property name="username" value="2aEp24QWEDLqRFs.root"/> <property name="password" value="123456"/> </dataSource> ... </configuration>

If you are using a TiDB Serverless cluster, modify the hibernate.connection.url, hibernate.connection.username, hibernate.connection.password in hibernate.cfg.xml.

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-configuration> <session-factory> <!-- Database connection settings --> <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property> <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.TiDBDialect</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:4000/test</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.username">root</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.password"></property> <property name="hibernate.connection.autocommit">false</property> <!-- Required so a table can be created from the 'PlayerDAO' class --> <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">create-drop</property> <!-- Optional: Show SQL output for debugging --> <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property> <property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property> </session-factory> </hibernate-configuration>

Suppose that the password you set is 123456, and the connection parameters you get from the cluster details page are the following:

  • Endpoint: xxx.tidbcloud.com
  • Port: 4000
  • User: 2aEp24QWEDLqRFs.root

In this case, you can modify the parameters as follows:

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-configuration> <session-factory> <!-- Database connection settings --> <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property> <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.TiDBDialect</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://xxx.tidbcloud.com:4000/test?sslMode=VERIFY_IDENTITY&amp;enabledTLSProtocols=TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.username">2aEp24QWEDLqRFs.root</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.password">123456</property> <property name="hibernate.connection.autocommit">false</property> <!-- Required so a table can be created from the 'PlayerDAO' class --> <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">create-drop</property> <!-- Optional: Show SQL output for debugging --> <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property> <property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property> </session-factory> </hibernate-configuration>

If you are using a TiDB Serverless cluster, modify the parameters of the host, port, user, and password in JDBCExample.java:

mysqlDataSource.setServerName("localhost"); mysqlDataSource.setPortNumber(4000); mysqlDataSource.setDatabaseName("test"); mysqlDataSource.setUser("root"); mysqlDataSource.setPassword("");

Suppose that the password you set is 123456, and the connection parameters you get from the cluster details page are the following:

  • Endpoint: xxx.tidbcloud.com
  • Port: 4000
  • User: 2aEp24QWEDLqRFs.root

In this case, you can modify the parameters as follows:

mysqlDataSource.setServerName("xxx.tidbcloud.com"); mysqlDataSource.setPortNumber(4000); mysqlDataSource.setDatabaseName("test"); mysqlDataSource.setUser("2aEp24QWEDLqRFs.root"); mysqlDataSource.setPassword("123456"); mysqlDataSource.setSslMode(PropertyDefinitions.SslMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY.name()); mysqlDataSource.setEnabledTLSProtocols("TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3");

Step 3.3 Run

  • Using Mybatis (Recommended)
  • Using Hibernate (Recommended)
  • Using JDBC

To run the code, you can run make prepare, make gen, make build and make run respectively:

make prepare # this command executes : # - `mysql --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4000 -u root < src/main/resources/dbinit.sql` # - `mysql --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4000 -u root -e "TRUNCATE test.player"` make gen # this command executes : # - `rm -f src/main/java/com/pingcap/model/Player.java` # - `rm -f src/main/java/com/pingcap/model/PlayerMapper.java` # - `rm -f src/main/resources/mapper/PlayerMapper.xml` # - `mvn mybatis-generator:generate` make build # this command executes `mvn clean package` make run # this command executes `java -jar target/plain-java-mybatis-0.0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar`

Or you can use the native commands:

mysql --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4000 -u root < src/main/resources/dbinit.sql mysql --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4000 -u root -e "TRUNCATE test.player" rm -f src/main/java/com/pingcap/model/Player.java rm -f src/main/java/com/pingcap/model/PlayerMapper.java rm -f src/main/resources/mapper/PlayerMapper.xml mvn mybatis-generator:generate mvn clean package java -jar target/plain-java-mybatis-0.0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar

Or run the make command directly, which is a combination of make prepare, make gen, make build and make run.

To run the code, you can run make build and make run respectively:

make build # this command executes `mvn clean package` make run # this command executes `java -jar target/plain-java-jdbc-0.0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar`

Or you can use the native commands:

mvn clean package java -jar target/plain-java-jdbc-0.0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar

Or run the make command directly, which is a combination of make build and make run.

To run the code, you can run make build and make run respectively:

make build # this command executes `mvn clean package` make run # this command executes `java -jar target/plain-java-jdbc-0.0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar`

Or you can use the native commands:

mvn clean package java -jar target/plain-java-jdbc-0.0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar

Or run the make command directly, which is a combination of make build and make run.

Step 4. Expected output

  • Using Mybatis (Recommended)
  • Using Hibernate (Recommended)
  • Using JDBC