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AUTO_INCREMENT

This document introduces the AUTO_INCREMENT column attribute, including its concept, implementation principles, auto-increment related features, and restrictions.

Note

The AUTO_INCREMENT attribute might cause hotspot in production environments. See Troubleshoot HotSpot Issues for details. It is recommended to use AUTO_RANDOM instead.

Concept

AUTO_INCREMENT is a column attribute that is used to automatically fill in default column values. When the INSERT statement does not specify values for the AUTO_INCREMENT column, the system automatically assigns values to this column.

For performance reasons, AUTO_INCREMENT numbers are allocated in a batch of values (30 thousand by default) to each TiDB server. This means that while AUTO_INCREMENT numbers are guaranteed to be unique, values assigned to an INSERT statement will only be monotonic on a per TiDB server basis.

Note

If you want the AUTO_INCREMENT numbers to be monotonic on all TiDB servers and your TiDB version is v6.5.0 or later, it is recommended to enable the MySQL compatibility mode.

The following is a basic example of AUTO_INCREMENT:

CREATE TABLE t(id int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, c int);

INSERT INTO t(c) VALUES (1);
INSERT INTO t(c) VALUES (2);
INSERT INTO t(c) VALUES (3), (4), (5);

mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+----+---+
| id | c |
+----+---+
| 1  | 1 |
| 2  | 2 |
| 3  | 3 |
| 4  | 4 |
| 5  | 5 |
+----+---+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

In addition, AUTO_INCREMENT also supports the INSERT statements that explicitly specify column values. In such cases, TiDB stores the explicitly specified values:

INSERT INTO t(id, c) VALUES (6, 6);

mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+----+---+
| id | c |
+----+---+
| 1  | 1 |
| 2  | 2 |
| 3  | 3 |
| 4  | 4 |
| 5  | 5 |
| 6  | 6 |
+----+---+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

The usage above is the same as that of AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL. However, in terms of the specific value that is implicitly assigned, TiDB differs from MySQL significantly.

Implementation principles

TiDB implements the AUTO_INCREMENT implicit assignment in the following way:

For each auto-increment column, a globally visible key-value pair is used to record the maximum ID that has been assigned. In a distributed environment, communication between nodes has some overhead. Therefore, to avoid the issue of write amplification, each TiDB node applies for a batch of consecutive IDs as caches when assigning IDs, and then applies for the next batch of IDs after the first batch is assigned. Therefore, TiDB nodes do not apply to the storage node for IDs when assigning IDs each time. For example:

CREATE TABLE t(id int UNIQUE KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, c int);

Assume two TiDB instances, A and B, in the cluster. If you execute an INSERT statement on the t table on A and B respectively:

INSERT INTO t (c) VALUES (1)

Instance A might cache the auto-increment IDs of [1,30000], and instance B might cache the auto-increment IDs of [30001,60000]. In INSERT statements to be executed, these cached IDs of each instance will be assigned to the AUTO_INCREMENT column as the default values.

Basic Features

Uniqueness

Warning

When the cluster has multiple TiDB instances, if the table schema contains the auto-increment IDs, it is recommended not to use explicit insert and implicit assignment at the same time, which means using the default values of the auto-increment column and the custom values. Otherwise, it might break the uniqueness of implicitly assigned values.

In the example above, perform the following operations in order:

The client inserts a statement INSERT INTO t VALUES (2, 1) to instance B, which sets id to 2. The statement is successfully executed.
The client sends a statement INSERT INTO t (c) (1) to instance A. This statement does not specify the value of id, so the ID is assigned by A. At present, because A caches the IDs of [1, 30000], it might assign 2 as the value of the auto-increment ID, and increases the local counter by 1. At this time, the data whose ID is 2 already exists in the database, so the Duplicated Error error is returned.

Monotonicity

TiDB guarantees that AUTO_INCREMENT values are monotonic (always increasing) on a per-server basis. Consider the following example where consecutive AUTO_INCREMENT values of 1-3 are generated:

CREATE TABLE t (a int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, b timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW());
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL), (NULL), (NULL);
SELECT * FROM t;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

+---+---------------------+
| a | b                   |
+---+---------------------+
| 1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
+---+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Monotonicity is not the same guarantee as consecutive. Consider the following example:

CREATE TABLE t (id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY auto_increment, a VARCHAR(10), cnt INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1, UNIQUE KEY (a));
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES ('A'), ('B');
SELECT * FROM t;
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES ('A'), ('C') ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE cnt = cnt + 1;
SELECT * FROM t;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

+----+------+-----+
| id | a    | cnt |
+----+------+-----+
|  1 | A    |   1 |
|  2 | B    |   1 |
+----+------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 1  Warnings: 0

+----+------+-----+
| id | a    | cnt |
+----+------+-----+
|  1 | A    |   2 |
|  2 | B    |   1 |
|  4 | C    |   1 |
+----+------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

In this example, the AUTO_INCREMENT value of 3 is allocated for the INSERT of the key A in INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES ('A'), ('C') ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE cnt = cnt + 1; but never used because this INSERT statement contains a duplicate key A. This leads to a gap where the sequence is non-consecutive. This behavior is considered legal, even though it differs from MySQL. MySQL will also have gaps in the sequence in other scenarios such as transactions being aborted and rolled back.

AUTO_ID_CACHE

The AUTO_INCREMENT sequence might appear to jump dramatically if an INSERT operation is performed against a different TiDB server. This is caused by the fact that each server has its own cache of AUTO_INCREMENT values:

CREATE TABLE t (a int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, b timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW());
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL), (NULL), (NULL);
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
SELECT * FROM t;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

+---------+---------------------+
| a       | b                   |
+---------+---------------------+
|       1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2000001 | 2020-09-09 20:43:43 |
+---------+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

A new INSERT operation against the initial TiDB server generates the AUTO_INCREMENT value of 4. This is because the initial TiDB server still has space left in the AUTO_INCREMENT cache for allocation. In this case, the sequence of values cannot be considered globally monotonic, because the value of 4 is inserted after the value of 2000001:

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY b;
+---------+---------------------+
| a       | b                   |
+---------+---------------------+
|       1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2000001 | 2020-09-09 20:43:43 |
|       4 | 2020-09-09 20:44:43 |
+---------+---------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The AUTO_INCREMENT cache does not persist across TiDB server restarts. The following INSERT statement is performed after the initial TiDB server is restarted:

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY b;
+---------+---------------------+
| a       | b                   |
+---------+---------------------+
|       1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2000001 | 2020-09-09 20:43:43 |
|       4 | 2020-09-09 20:44:43 |
| 2030001 | 2020-09-09 20:54:11 |
+---------+---------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

A high rate of TiDB server restarts might contribute to the exhaustion of AUTO_INCREMENT values. In the above example, the initial TiDB server still has values [5-30000] free in its cache. These values are lost, and will not be reallocated.

It is not recommended to rely onAUTO_INCREMENT values being continuous. Consider the following example, where a TiDB server has a cache of values [2000001-2030000]. By manually inserting the value 2029998, you can see the behavior as a new cache range is retrieved:

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (2029998);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY b;
+---------+---------------------+
| a       | b                   |
+---------+---------------------+
|       1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2000001 | 2020-09-09 20:43:43 |
|       4 | 2020-09-09 20:44:43 |
| 2030001 | 2020-09-09 20:54:11 |
| 2029998 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
| 2029999 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
| 2030000 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
| 2060001 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
| 2060002 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
+---------+---------------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

After the value 2030000 is inserted, the next value is 2060001. This jump in sequence is due to another TiDB server obtaining the intermediate cache range of [2030001-2060000]. When multiple TiDB servers are deployed, there will be gaps in the AUTO_INCREMENT sequence because cache requests are interleaved.

Cache size control

In earlier versions of TiDB, the cache size of the auto-increment ID was transparent to users. Starting from v3.0.14, v3.1.2, and v4.0.rc-2, TiDB has introduced the AUTO_ID_CACHE table option to allow users to set the cache size for allocating the auto-increment ID.

mysql> CREATE TABLE t(a int AUTO_INCREMENT key) AUTO_ID_CACHE 100;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t values();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+---+
| a |
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

At this time, if you invalidate the auto-increment cache of this column and redo the implicit insertion, the result is as follows:

mysql> DELETE FROM t;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> RENAME TABLE t to t1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t1 values()
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+-----+
| a   |
+-----+
| 101 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The re-assigned value is 101. This shows that the size of cache for allocating the auto-increment ID is 100.

In addition, when the length of consecutive IDs in a batch INSERT statement exceeds the length of AUTO_ID_CACHE, TiDB increases the cache size accordingly to ensure that the statement can be inserted properly.

Auto-increment step size and offset

Starting from v3.0.9 and v4.0.0-rc.1, similar to the behavior of MySQL, the value implicitly assigned to the auto-increment column is controlled by the @@auto_increment_increment and @@auto_increment_offset session variables.

The value (ID) implicitly assigned to auto-increment columns satisfies the following equation:

(ID - auto_increment_offset) % auto_increment_increment == 0

MySQL compatibility mode

TiDB v6.4.0 introduces a centralized auto-increment ID allocating service. In each request, an auto-increment ID is allocated from this service instead of caching data in TiDB instances.

Currently, the centralized allocating service is in the TiDB process and works like DDL Owner. One TiDB instance allocates IDs as the primary node and other TiDB instances work as secondary nodes. To ensure high availability, when the primary instance fails, TiDB starts automatic failover.

To use the MySQL compatibility mode, you can set AUTO_ID_CACHE to 1 when creating a table:

CREATE TABLE t(a int AUTO_INCREMENT key) AUTO_ID_CACHE 1;

Note

In TiDB, setting AUTO_ID_CACHE to 1 means that TiDB no longer caches IDs. But the implementation varies with TiDB versions:

Before TiDB v6.4.0, since allocating ID requires a TiKV transaction to persist the AUTO_INCREMENT value for each request, setting AUTO_ID_CACHE to 1 causes performance degradation.
Since TiDB v6.4.0, the modification of the AUTO_INCREMENT value is faster because it is only an in-memory operation in the TiDB process as the centralized allocating service is introduced.
Setting AUTO_ID_CACHE to 0 means that TiDB uses the default cache size 30000.

After you enable the MySQL compatibility mode, the allocated IDs are unique and monotonically increasing, and the behavior is almost the same as MySQL. Even if you access across TiDB instances, the IDs will keep monotonic. Only when the primary instance of the centralized service crashes, there might be a few IDs that are not continuous. This is because the secondary instance discards some IDs that are supposed to have been allocated by the primary instance during the failover to ensure ID uniqueness.

Restrictions

Currently, AUTO_INCREMENT has the following restrictions when used in TiDB:

For TiDB v6.6.0 and earlier versions, the defined column must be either primary key or index prefixes.
It must be defined on the column of INTEGER, FLOAT, or DOUBLE type.
It cannot be specified on the same column with the DEFAULT column value.
ALTER TABLE cannot be used to add the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute.
ALTER TABLE can be used to remove the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute. However, starting from v2.1.18 and v3.0.4, TiDB uses the session variable @@tidb_allow_remove_auto_inc to control whether ALTER TABLE MODIFY or ALTER TABLE CHANGE can be used to remove the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute of a column. By default, you cannot use ALTER TABLE MODIFY or ALTER TABLE CHANGE to remove the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute.
ALTER TABLE requires the FORCE option to set the AUTO_INCREMENT value to a smaller value.
Setting the AUTO_INCREMENT to a value smaller than MAX(<auto_increment_column>) leads to duplicate keys because pre-existing values are not skipped.